\relax 
\citation{mattieu}
\citation{a-lvl-syllabus}
\citation{seasa}
\citation{cms}
\citation{cms}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Introduction}{1}}
\citation{freonless-1mm-2mm}
\citation{freonless}
\citation{cern-briefbook}
\citation{kadyk}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces CMS Detector at CERN, RPCs detect the muons near the outer perimeter\cite  {cms}}}{2}}
\newlabel{cms}{{1}{2}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Preliminary Work}{3}}
\newlabel{prelimwork}{{2}{3}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1}Detector budget}{3}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Cumulative histogram plot of what schools can afford for a detector}}{3}}
\newlabel{budget}{{2}{3}}
\citation{transparent-rpc}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2}School facilities}{4}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Facilities available to schools}}{4}}
\newlabel{facilities}{{3}{4}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3}Demonstration vs. investigation}{4}}
\citation{nalta}
\citation{seasa}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4}Collaborative array}{5}}
\citation{wiki:cosmic-rays}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\citation{thin-cosmic-rain}
\citation{wolfendale}
\citation{seasa}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Theory}{6}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1}Cosmic Rays}{6}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Cosmic rays in space}{6}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.2}Cosmic rays in the atmosphere}{6}}
\citation{seasa}
\citation{nalta}
\citation{hires}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces Primary cosmic ray energy spectrum at typical energies\cite  {phys-rev:cr}}}{7}}
\newlabel{primary-energies}{{4}{7}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.1.3}Muons}{7}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces Cosmic rays in the atmosphere with energy greater than $1$GeV\cite  {phys-rev:cr}}}{8}}
\newlabel{secondary-abundances}{{5}{8}}
\citation{groom}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2}Depositing Energy}{9}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Bethe-Bloche formula}{9}}
\citation{phys-rev:pptm}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\citation{kleinknecht}
\citation{kleinknecht}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Stopping power for $\mu ^+$ passing through copper\cite  {phys-rev:cr}}}{10}}
\newlabel{stopping-power}{{6}{10}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3}Electrical breakdown of gas}{10}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {7}{\ignorespaces Charge release from discharge processes\cite  {kleinknecht}. The lower line represents charge released from alpha particles, the upper line for electrons}}{11}}
\newlabel{gas-amplification-graph}{{7}{11}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Ionisation}{11}}
\citation{kleinknecht}
\citation{kleinknecht}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Townsend avalanche}{12}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {8}{\ignorespaces Townsend avalanche}}{12}}
\newlabel{townsend}{{8}{12}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}Streamers}{12}}
\citation{ionisation-processes}
\citation{ionisation-processes}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces The development of a streamer in time\cite  {kleinknecht}. (a) initial avalanche, (b) polarisation effects of avalanche -- limited proportionality, (c) secondary avalanches due to photoionisation, (d) early streamer, (e) developed streamer }}{13}}
\newlabel{streamer}{{9}{13}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.4}Spark}{13}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.5}Arc}{13}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs)}{15}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces Schematic of a basic RPC}}{15}}
\newlabel{basic-rpc}{{10}{15}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}Resistive plates}{15}}
\citation{resistive-cathode-transparency}
\citation{resistive-cathode-transparency}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {11}{\ignorespaces Equivelance circuit for discharge in (a) an RPC and (b) a spark chamber}}{16}}
\newlabel{resistiveplate-circuit}{{11}{16}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}Resistive electrodes}{16}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Readout strips}{16}}
\newlabel{readout}{{4.3}{16}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Perpendicular readout strips}{16}}
\citation{cern-briefbook}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {12}{\ignorespaces Equivalance circuit for readout strips and resistive electrode coating. The size of the circles indicates the magnitude of the charge reaching the HV electrodes (not to scale)\cite  {resistive-cathode-transparency}}}{17}}
\newlabel{localised-charge-circuit}{{12}{17}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {13}{\ignorespaces Grid arrangement in (a) only option for combined electrode and readout. Arrangement in (b) possible with induced readout on external strips}}{17}}
\newlabel{perpendicular-strips}{{13}{17}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Gas mixtures}{17}}
\citation{freonless}
\citation{cern-briefbook}
\citation{freonless-1mm-2mm}
\citation{freonless}
\citation{candela}
\citation{wilkinson}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Quenchers}{18}}
\newlabel{quenchers}{{4.4.1}{18}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Flammability}{18}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Effects of humidity}{18}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Building the RPCs}{18}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {14}{\ignorespaces Construction of chamber using float glass frame}}{19}}
\newlabel{prototype-rpc}{{14}{19}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}Gas mixing and delivery system}{19}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {15}{\ignorespaces Schematic diagram of the gas mixing and delivery system}}{19}}
\newlabel{gas-system}{{15}{19}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Readout system}{20}}
\citation{seasa}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {16}{\ignorespaces Dimensions of the readout plates}}{21}}
\newlabel{readout-dims}{{16}{21}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {17}{\ignorespaces The HV join between the readout unit and the chamber}}{21}}
\newlabel{hv-connection}{{17}{21}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Electronics}{22}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {18}{\ignorespaces The electronics setup used in our experiment}}{22}}
\newlabel{electronics}{{18}{22}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}High voltage system}{22}}
\citation{resistive-cathode-transparency}
\citation{thin-film-resistivity}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Safety interlock}{23}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4}Resistive electrode coating}{23}}
\newlabel{resistive-coating}{{5.4}{23}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Preliminary tests}{23}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{Indian inks}{24}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {paragraph}{Other coatings}{24}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Tinned versus non-tinned sides of glass}{24}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Drying times of inks}{25}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {19}{\ignorespaces Effects of long term drying over a period of 14 days}}{25}}
\newlabel{long-term-drying}{{19}{25}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {20}{\ignorespaces Effects of long term drying over a period of 15 days for the samples baked at $200^\circ $ for $15$ minutes}}{26}}
\newlabel{long-term-drying-baked}{{20}{26}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.4}Varying sample sizes}{26}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {21}{\ignorespaces Adjusting the square size after twenty minutes drying}}{27}}
\newlabel{square-size-trial1}{{21}{27}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {22}{\ignorespaces Compensation for drying for the duration of the square size trials. Note that the jump in results for tinned is almost certainly due to a surface contaminent which was removed halfway through the trials and so was ignored}}{27}}
\newlabel{square-size-compensation}{{22}{27}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {23}{\ignorespaces Adjusting the square size after four days for drying to stabilise}}{28}}
\newlabel{square-size-trial2}{{23}{28}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.5}First prototype}{28}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {24}{\ignorespaces Geometry of the prototypes, electrode dimensions taken from outside of copper tape which is $10$mm wide}}{29}}
\newlabel{rpc-dims}{{24}{29}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.6}Second prototype}{29}}
\citation{kaye-laby}
\citation{freonless-1mm-2mm}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {25}{\ignorespaces The fully assembled RPC unit}}{30}}
\newlabel{rpc}{{25}{30}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.7}Third prototype}{30}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.8}Electrically reinforcing the design}{31}}
\citation{wiki:johnson}
\citation{kaye-laby}
\citation{spectar}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.9}Gas mixtures used}{32}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.10}Electrical resonance}{32}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {26}{\ignorespaces Cosmic ray signal in coincidence with the scintillators (upper trace), time base $100$nS per division, RPC trace set at $2$mV per division}}{32}}
\newlabel{typical-event}{{26}{32}}
\citation{electronics-scientists}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {27}{\ignorespaces Resonance without the HV supply connected, time base $20$nS per division, signal scale $2$mV per division}}{33}}
\newlabel{resonance-no-hv2}{{27}{33}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {28}{\ignorespaces The two resonant circuits, (a) is series, (b) is parallel}}{33}}
\newlabel{resonant-circuits}{{28}{33}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.11}Method for determining efficiency}{34}}
\newlabel{method-efficiency}{{5.11}{34}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {29}{\ignorespaces Processing detector signals for determining efficiency}}{35}}
\newlabel{coincidence-configuration}{{29}{35}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.11.1}Scintillator detectors}{35}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {30}{\ignorespaces Full experimental setup. Note that the RPC would normally sit between the two scintillators in the coincidence array}}{36}}
\newlabel{whole-setup}{{30}{36}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.11.2}Coincidence modelling}{36}}
\newlabel{chamber-model}{{5.11.2}{36}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.12}Noise}{37}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.12.1}Fitting noise to the data}{37}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.13}Electron versus ion signals}{38}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Results}{39}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {31}{\ignorespaces Number of triple coincidences at $\pm 4$kV for every 100 double coincidences versus threshold voltage}}{39}}
\newlabel{8kv-corrected}{{31}{39}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {32}{\ignorespaces Number of triple coincidences at $\pm 5$kV for every 100 double coincidences versus threshold voltage}}{39}}
\newlabel{10kv-corrected}{{32}{39}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {33}{\ignorespaces Number of triple coincidences at $\pm 5.5$kV for every 100 double coincidences versus threshold voltage}}{40}}
\newlabel{11kv-corrected}{{33}{40}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {34}{\ignorespaces Number of triple coincidences at $\pm 5$kV for every 100 double coincidences versus threshold voltage. Taken with the gas mixture having been in chamber over the weekend}}{40}}
\newlabel{10kv-48hrs-corrected}{{34}{40}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {35}{\ignorespaces Number of triple coincidences at $\pm 5$kV for every 100 double coincidences versus threshold voltage. Gas replenished after previous trial}}{41}}
\newlabel{10kv-refill-corrected}{{35}{41}}
\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {36}{\ignorespaces Measured RPC count rate for $\pm 5$kV and calculated random noise needed to replicate results versus threshold voltage}}{41}}
\newlabel{signal-vs-noise}{{36}{41}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7}Discussion}{41}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.1}Noise from the RPC}{41}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.2}Efficiencies}{42}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3}Cost estimate}{42}}
\citation{crorg}
\citation{freonless}
\citation{freonless-1mm-2mm}
\citation{transparent-rpc}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8}Conclusions and Further Work}{44}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {A}Survey of physics in secondary schools}{45}}
\newlabel{survey}{{A}{45}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {A.1}Survey outline}{45}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {A.2}Survey results}{46}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {B}Pion and muon decays}{47}}
\newlabel{decays}{{B}{47}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {C}Example readout electronics}{48}}
\newlabel{readout-electronics-appendix}{{C}{48}}
\newlabel{readout-electronics}{{C}{48}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {D}Computer modelling using python}{49}}
\newlabel{computer-modelling}{{D}{49}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.1}Monte Carlo detector model for determining coincidence rates}{49}}
\citation{phys-rev:cr}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.2}Monte Carlo detector model for determining average path lengths}{51}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.3}Common detector classes}{52}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.4}Probability program to predict noise levels}{55}}
\newlabel{noise-coincidence}{{D.4}{55}}
\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {D.5}Re-using the detector classes}{57}}
\newlabel{python:reusing}{{D.5}{57}}
\bibcite{mattieu}{1}
\bibcite{a-lvl-syllabus}{2}
\bibcite{seasa}{3}
\bibcite{cms}{4}
\bibcite{freonless}{5}
\bibcite{cern-briefbook}{6}
\bibcite{kadyk}{7}
\bibcite{wiki:cosmic-rays}{8}
\bibcite{thin-cosmic-rain}{9}
\bibcite{nalta}{10}
\bibcite{hires}{11}
\bibcite{wolfendale}{12}
\bibcite{phys-rev:cr}{13}
\bibcite{phys-rev:pptm}{14}
\bibcite{kleinknecht}{15}
\bibcite{ionisation-processes}{16}
\bibcite{microstrip}{17}
\bibcite{wilkinson}{18}
\bibcite{candela}{19}
\bibcite{resistive-cathode-transparency}{20}
\bibcite{thin-film-resistivity}{21}
\bibcite{miles}{22}
\bibcite{crorg}{23}
\bibcite{why-smooth}{24}
\bibcite{first-rpc}{25}
\bibcite{part-int-notes}{26}
\bibcite{latitude-cr}{27}
\bibcite{transparent-rpc}{28}
\bibcite{groom}{29}
\bibcite{freonless-1mm-2mm}{30}
\bibcite{kaye-laby}{31}
\bibcite{wiki:johnson}{32}
\bibcite{spectar}{33}
\bibcite{electronics-scientists}{34}
